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Censure is a formal, and public, group condemnation of an individual, often a group member, whose actions runs counter to the group's acceptable standards for individual behavior.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Presidential+Censure )〕 In the United States, governmental censure is done when a body's members wish to publicly reprimand the President of the United States, a member of Congress, or a judge. It is a formal statement of disapproval.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_index_subjects/Censure_vrd.htm )〕 The United States Constitution, while specifically granting impeachment powers to both the Senate and the House of Representatives, and also granting both congressional bodies the power to expel their own members, does not mention censure. Congress adopted a resolution allowing censure, which is "stronger than a simple rebuke, but not as strong as expulsion."〔 Members of Congress who have been censured are required to give up any committee chairs they hold, but are not removed from office. In general, each house of Congress is responsible for invoking censure against its own members; censure against other government officials is not common. Because censure is not specifically mentioned as the accepted form of reprimand, many censure actions against members of Congress may be listed officially as rebuke, condemnation, or denouncement.〔 ==Presidential censures== In 1800, Representative Edward Livingston of New York introduced a censure motion against President John Adams. Only one U.S. president has been censured by the United States Senate. In 1834, while under Whig control, the Senate censured Democratic President Andrew Jackson for withholding documents relating to his actions in defunding the Bank of the United States. As a partial result of public opposition to the censure itself, the Senate came under control of the Democratic Party in the next election cycle, and the censure was expunged in 1837.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Censures_President.htm )〕 As one historian has written:
In 1842, Whigs attempted to impeach President John Tyler following a long period of hostility with the president. When that action could not get through Congress, a select Senate committee dominated by Whigs censured Tyler instead. In 1848, the United States House of Representatives voted to censure President James Polk, on the grounds that the Mexican-American War had been "unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States." In 1864, the Senate considered a condemnation of President Abraham Lincoln for allowing an elected member of the House to hold an Army commission; it voted 24-12 to refer the matter to a special committee, but no further action was taken.〔"(Noteworthy Censure Cases - Presidential Censure )." Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. Retrieved 2015-11-07.〕 In 1998, resolutions to censure President Bill Clinton for his role in the Monica Lewinsky scandal were introduced. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Censure in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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